解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::We describe two experiments that examine 3D pathway displays in a head-up location for aircraft landing and taxi. We address both guidance performance and pilot strategies in dividing, focusing, and allocating attention between flight path information and event monitoring. In Experiment 1 the 3D pathway head-up displa...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872001775900841
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to localize a virtual sound source in the horizontal plane was evaluated under varying levels of sustained (+Gz) acceleration. Participants were required to judge the locations of spatialized noise bursts in the horizontal plane (elevation 0 degrees) during exposure to 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 +Gz....
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872001775900896
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-four people learned three versions of a room-sized maze: a wire-frame desktop virtual environment (VE), a normal surface-rendered desktop VE, and a real-world maze. Differences among the mental representations formed from each environment were measured with pointing and distance estimation tasks in a real-world...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872001775992561
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Visual recognition functions, such as acuity and contrast sensitivity, deteriorate rapidly over the declining luminances found during civil twilight. Thus civil twilight, a critical part of the transition between daylight and darkness, represents lighting conditions that may be useful to describe artificial illuminati...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1518/001872001775870331
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One major problem with pilot-automation interaction on modern flight decks is a lack of mode awareness; that is, a lack of knowledge and understanding of the current and future status and behavior of the automation. A lack of mode awareness is not simply a pilot problem; rather, it is a symptom of a coordination break...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872000779698178
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite widespread acceptance throughout commercial and military settings, crew resource management (CRM) training programs have not escaped doubts about their effectiveness. The current state of CRM training is an example of how an entire body of pertinent research and development has not had the impact on practice t...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1518/001872000779698196
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Typically, the simplest and most cost-efficient ergonomic solution to offset the rising costs of low back injuries is to reduce the box weight that is lifted. However, there is limited research on how a worker interacts with the box. In the present study, we quantify the utility of reducing the weight that is lifted -...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872000779656499
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the influence of backrest inclination and vergence demand on the posture and gaze angle that workers adopt to view visual targets placed in different vertical locations. In the study, 12 participants viewed a small video monitor placed in 7 locations around a 0.65-m radius arc (from 65 degrees below to 30 ...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872000779656598
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In manual material handling tasks, the handle serves as the interface between the human operator and the box (the materials). Handle angle design can affect both wrist posture and lifting ability. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of handle angle on maximal acceptable weight of lifting (MAWL), perceived w...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872000779698079
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most commercial footwear is designed and manufactured on a curved last, although the amount of curvature of the last and the turning point of the last centerline have not been formally determined. In this study, we used principal component analysis to determine the foot axis so that lasts that match feet can be produc...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872099779656761
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using an eye-tracking methodology, we evaluated food nutrition labels' ability to support rapid and accurate visual search for nutrition information. Participants (5 practiced label readers and 5 nonreaders) viewed 180 trials of nutrition labels on a computer, finding answers to questions (e.g., serving size). Label m...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872099779611021
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Field studies were conducted in homes, offices, and public places with younger and older adults to determine how legibility performance (in a proofreading and phone book search) changes with age and luminance. Homes and public places generally exhibited much lower than recommended luminance values for reading. Older a...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872099779591204
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leibowitz and his colleagues found that accommodation rests at an intermediate distance that shows wide interindividual variation. They proposed that this intermediate dark focus is useful for correcting anomalous refractive errors, but this proposal was later questioned when different measurement techniques yielded d...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872099779577309
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We compared 7 methods of measuring visual fatigue--accommodation power, visual acuity, pupil diameter, critical fusion frequency (CFF), eye movement velocity, subjective rating of visual fatigue, and task performance--for their sensitivity to visual load. In the experiment, 10 participants performed a monitoring task ...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872098779649247
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to investigate electrooculography (EOG) as a measurement of ocular vergence in both collimated and projected simulator environments. The task required participants to shift their gaze between a central fixation point and a target appearing at one of three eccentricities. EOG was effective...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872098779591359
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper we quantitatively model degree of automation (DofA) in supervisory control as a function of the number and nature of tasks to be performed by the operator and automation. This model uses a task weighting scheme in which weighting factors are obtained from task demand load, task mental load, and task effe...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872098779480406
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pulling tasks require the torso to act as a rigid link in order to facilitate the force transmission between the ground and the hands. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a lifting belt increases the rigidity of the torso, thereby increasing pulling strength or reducing trunk muscle forces, or both, as pullin...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872098779480631
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research and operational experience have shown that one of the major problems with pilot-automation interaction is a lack of mode awareness (i.e., the current and future status and behavior of the automation). As a result, pilots sometimes experience so-called automation surprises when the automation takes an unexpect...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872097778667997
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Factors limiting binocular fusion were studied using 2-dimensional difference of Gaussian (2D-DOG) stimuli. The proportion of fused stimuli and observer's response time were determined for stimuli that varied in spatial frequency composition between 0.22 and 4.8 cycles per degree. At small disparities, mean fusion res...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872097778827098
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Teamwork is an essential element in the majority of critical Army lifting tasks. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between individual and team lifting capacity is of great tactical importance. Twenty-three male and 17 female U.S. Army soldiers were randomly assigned to single- and mixed-gender teams of t...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872097778827106
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transfer of tactical aviation technology into automobiles is creating information display requirements that are likely to be met by use of the head-up display (HUD). These developments are based largely on conclusions that the HUD-related safety issues raised in the aviation HUD literature can be dismissed and tha...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1518/001872097778543840
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper critically reviews models of shiftwork and health and provides a historical overview of changes in the conceptualization of the association between them. Models are hypothetical and conceptually broad, becoming more so as they move away from linear, chronobiological to multidirectional, psychological concep...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1518/001872097778940713
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the minimum latency required to locate and identify a visual target (visual search) in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm in which the visual target could appear from any azimuth (0 degree to 360 degrees) and from a broad range of elevations (from 90 degrees above to 70 degrees below the horizon) rel...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872096778827260
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skilled performers in complex environments rely heavily on heuristic strategies to cope with the time pressure and complexity of dynamic tasks. We suggest that the use of task simplification strategies based largely on perception and pattern recognition is fundamental to the novice-expert shift in dynamic decision mak...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1177/001872089606380209
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study focuses on the consequences of the social dynamics that are created whenever two or more individuals are brought together for the purpose of training. An investigation of the role of individual differences in interaction anxiety on training outcomes demonstrated that the comparative effectiveness of ...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872096778940732
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whether or not lifting belts protect workers from injury is a topic of considerable interest in industry. Not only is the protective effect uncertain, but the biomechanical basis for belt function is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if lifting belts provide a means for controlling trunk motions du...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1518/001872095778995562
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to a growing number of studies, the stereographic presentation of three-dimensional information improves overall performance relative to displays with only monocular depth cues. Based on studies using real-world, three-dimensional stimuli, however, the efficiency (i.e., speed) of shifting attention between o...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089403600404
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Task analyses served as the basis for developing the Mixed Arithmetic-Perceptual (MA-P) model, which proposes (1) that people interacting with common graphs to answer common questions apply a set of component processes--searching for indicators, encoding the value of indicators, performing arithmetic operations on the...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089403600303
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper focuses on work practices that may contribute to fatigue-induced performance decrements in the commercial nuclear power industry. Specifically, the amount of overtime worked by operations, technical, and maintenance personnel and the 12-h operator shift schedule are studied. Although overtime for all three ...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089403600206
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study explored how subjects from childhood (8-14 years old) to elderly adulthood could identify the odors of 17 everyday products. Performance at naming followed an inverted U-shaped course over age, best in young adults and poorest in children and elderly. A discrimination task given to the adults revealed parall...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089403600112
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of three types of flight simulator visual scene detail on detection of altitude change were evaluated in three experiments. Across all experiments and with a variety of tasks and display conditions, speed and accuracy of detecting altitude change improved with increases in the density of vertical objects i...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089303500406
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This research examines how people make movements with pointing devices during human-computer interaction. It specifically concerns the perceptual-motor processes that mediate the speed and accuracy of cursor positioning with electromechanical mice. In three experiments we investigated the spatial and temporal characte...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089303500304
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The self-reliance of the physically impaired can be seriously jeopardized by their inability to operate everyday products, especially if both upper extremities are impaired. To determine the difficulties impaired users encounter in operating consumer product controls, on-site video recordings were made of subjects suf...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089303500207
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated several factors that affect depth perception in stereoscopic displays: half-image separation magnitude, separation direction (crossed vs. uncrossed), viewing distance, stimulus size, and exposure duration. The depth perceived under various combinations of levels of these factors was compared wi...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089203400602
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Liquid crystal displays maintain superior contrast under bright sunlight conditions compared with cathode-ray tube displays. This attribute, along with reduced weight, volume, and power requirements, make liquid crystal displays especially desirable for use in vehicular applications. The present experiment was designe...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089203400508
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the future auditory directional cues may enhance situational awareness in cockpits with head-coupled displays. This benefit would depend, however, on the pilot's ability to detect the direction of moving sounds at different locations in space. The present investigation examined this ability. Auditory motion acuity ...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089203400302
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study data were used to examine age-related changes in driving patterns over 10 years in a community-dwelling cohort of elders. In 1974, 86% of the men and 76% of the women reported that the automobile was their chief mode of transportation. At each follow-up, 87% or more of those who h...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089203400104
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of practice on the parallel organization and control of discrete, asymmetrical bimanual movements was investigated. Subjects performed a flexion movement in the left limb together with a flexion-extension-flexion movement in the right limb. Two groups, one of which received kinematic information feedback, w...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089103300401
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Traditionally most biomechanical models that are used to estimate the loading experienced by the spine during work focus on static, two-dimensional representations of the work. However, most work tasks impose loads on the lumbar spine under dynamic, three-dimensional conditions. The objective of this study was to desc...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089103300201
更新日期:1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Without fixation stimuli--for instance, in darkness--accommodation and convergence of the eyes reach an intermediate state that is relatively stable within a subject but which ranges from about 30 cm to infinity across subjects. This study investigated whether these oculomotor positions in darkness are related to visu...
journal_title:Human factors
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1177/001872089103300106
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00